Cataracts are the most common age-related occurrence in eyes. The lens becomes thicker and stiffer and appears yellow and cloudy. Eventually it may turn white, changing the colour of the pupil. A cataract may cause your vision to become fuzzy in a progressive fashion and may also be the cause of disabling glare. Once a cataract affects vision too much, a cataract removal operation is generally advised. This decision is usually made in consultation with an eye specialist. The operation is almost always done under local anaesthetic. A tiny incision is made in your eye and the cataract is broken up into small pieces using ultrasound vibrations. Once all the pieces have been removed, an artificial lens is implanted into your eye. It is relatively short in duration and an overnight stay in hospital is not required. Post-operative care consists of eye drops and a check at 1-2 days then after 2-4 weeks.

Laser refractive surgery: LASIK and PRK laser treatments are used to correct refractive or focusing errors by reshaping the cornea. Keratoplasty (corneal transplant): the damaged cornea is removed and replaced with one from a donor.

Excess skin and/or fat can be surgically removed from your upper and/or lower eyelids to give your skin a less wrinkled and puffy appearance. The procedure typically involves making a small cut (incision) in the fold of the eyelid (for the upper lid) or just below the eyelashes (for the lower lid) and removing any excess skin and/or fat. The surgery will take 1-3 hours and is performed under local anaesthetic (the area being treated is numb) together with a sedative to make you feel drowsy. You will be able to go home the same day. It is recommended that you have complete rest and keep eye pads on for a couple of days after surgery. You should be able to return to work within 1 week.

Implantable contact lenses (ICLs) are tiny lenses surgically inserted into the eye, to correct vision problems such as myopia (short sightedness), hyperopia (long sightedness), with or without astigmatism. ICLs are permanent but removable and are often used for patients who are not good candidates for laser eye surgery due to high prescriptions or thin corneas.

Intravitreal injections are a procedure in which medication is injected directly into the vitreous humor - the gel-like substance inside the eye. These injections are commonly used to treat various conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion and are also used to deliver antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral medications in patients with eye infections.

Oculoplastic surgery focuses on surgical treatment of eyelid and tear duct problems, including both functional and cosmetic issues. Common procedures are: Blepharoplasty: removal of excess skin and/or fat from the upper and/or lower eyelids Ptosis (droopy eyelid) repair Skin cancer surgery Tear duct surgery

Pterygium is a noncancerous thickened growth on the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye), common in people who spend a lot of time in the sun or work outdoors. Read more about pterygium on the Healthify website

This procedure typically involves making a small cut (incision) in the fold of the upper eyelid and shortening or reattaching the stretched or weakened eyelid lifting muscle.