Breathing (or respiratory) problems occur if the breathing system is unable to provide enough oxygen to the tissues (hypoxia) or remove enough carbon dioxide from the body. Treatment is aimed at treating the underlying cause as well as correcting, where possible, low oxygen levels and the build-up of carbon dioxide. Mechanical support of the breathing system may be required to do so.

Mechanical Ventilation (Ventilator)

A ventilator is a breathing machine that is used to do the breathing for a patient with respiratory failure. It pumps air, and thereby provides oxygen, directly into the airways and lungs via a plastic breathing tube. This tube is inserted through the mouth and into the windpipe (trachea) under a short anaesthetic. Drugs are given to the patient to make them sleepy and to relax their muscles during the anaesthetic.

In many patients, the breathing tube and machine are only required for a number of hours or days. Both tube and machine are removed when the patient’s breathing function normalises.

However in some patients, breathing assistance is required for a prolonged period of time. The breathing tube is then usually shifted to the neck to make it more comfortable for the patient. This is done via an opening made into the windpipe (tracheostomy) under another short anaesthetic.

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Breathing support can also be delivered via a tight-fitting facemask or a special hood, without the need for a breathing tube. This can be done only under certain circumstances and with certain patients.