Echocardiography (or cardiac ultrasound) is a test that uses high frequency sound waves to generate pictures of your heart. During the test, you generally lie on your back, gel is applied to your skin and a technician then moves the small, plastic transducer over your chest. The test is painless and can take from 10 minutes to an hour.

The machine then develops images of your heart which are seen on a monitor. This is referred to as an echocardiogram.

Echocardiography can help in the diagnosis of many heart problems including cardiovascular disease, previous heart attacks, valve disorders, weakened heart muscle, holes between heart chambers, fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion).

If doctors are looking for evidence of coronary artery disease, they may perform variations of this test which include:

• Exercise echocardiography - compares how your heart works when stressed by exercise versus when it is at rest. The ultrasound is conducted before you exercise and immediately after you stop. Either a stationary bicycle or standard treadmill is used.
• Dobutamine stress echocardiography - if you’re unable to exercise for the above test, you might be given medication to simulate the effects of exercise. During this test, an echocardiogram initially is performed when you’re at rest. Then dobutamine is given to you via a needle into a vein in your arm. Its effect is to make your heart work harder and faster just like with exercise. After it has taken effect, the echocardiogram is repeated. The effect wears off very quickly.

Service types: Holter monitor.

This portable test provides critical insights into heart rhythm, supporting early detection and better care. Here’s how it helps:

Detects Key Conditions:

• Identifies palpitations, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, or syncope causes.
• Diagnoses or monitors atrial fibrillation (AF) and related risks.

Extended Monitoring:

• 48-hour recording captures more abnormalities than a standard ECG.
• 7-day option tracks intermittent symptoms for thorough assessment.

Personalised Outcomes:

• Guides tailored management plans for AF, dizziness, or palpitations.

Service types: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

An Ambulatory ECG  can be performed with a Holter monitor which monitors your heart for rhythm abnormalities during normal activity for an uninterrupted 24-hour period. During the test, electrodes attached to your chest are connected to a portable recorder - about the size of a paperback book - that's attached to your belt or hung from a shoulder strap.

Another form of ambulatory ECG test is an Event recorder which covers 1-2 weeks. You wear a monitor (much smaller than a Holter monitor) and if you have any symptoms, such as dizziness, you press a button on a recording device which saves the recording of your heart rhythm made in the minutes leading up to and during your symptoms. Because you can wear this for a longer period of time it has a higher rate of catching your abnormal rhythm.

An ECG is a recording of your heart's electrical activity. Electrode patches are attached to your skin to measure the electrical impulses given off by your heart. The result is a trace that can be read by a doctor. It can give information of previous heart attacks or problems with the heart rhythm.

Ambulatory ECG - this can be performed with a Holter monitor which monitors your heart for rhythm abnormalities during normal activity for an uninterrupted 24-hour period. During the test, electrodes attached to your chest are connected to a portable recorder - about the size of a paperback book - that's attached to your belt or hung from a shoulder strap.

Another form of ambulatory ECG test is an Event recorder which covers 1-2 weeks. You wear a monitor (much smaller than a Holter monitor) and if you have any symptoms, such as dizziness, you press a button on a recording device which saves the recording of your heart rhythm made in the minutes leading up to and during your symptoms. Because you can wear this for a longer period of time it has a higher rate of catching your abnormal rhythm.

Cardiovascular disease is a general term for any condition that affects the heart or blood vessels.

Common types of cardiovascular disease include:

• Coronary artery disease – narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply the heart, which can lead to chest pain or heart attack.
• Heart failure – when the heart can’t pump blood effectively.
• Arrhythmias – abnormal heart rhythms.
• Stroke – damage to the brain caused by blocked or burst blood vessels.
• Peripheral artery disease – narrowing of arteries in the legs or arms.
• Heart valve problems – issues with valves that control blood flow through the heart.

Risk factors:

• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Family history of heart disease
• Are older (your risk increases as you get older)

Heart failure refers to the heart failing to pump efficiently. There are many diseases that cause this including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, viral infections, alcohol, and diseases affecting the valves of the heart. When the heart is inefficient a number of symptoms occur depending on the cause and severity of the condition. The main symptoms are tiredness, breathlessness on exertion or lying flat, and ankle swelling. Doctors often refer to oedema, which means fluid retention usually in your feet or lungs as a result of the heart not pumping efficiently.

Tests looking for possible causes of heart failure include: Chest x-ray, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiogram (Cardiac ultrasound), Angiogram.

You are likely to be given several medications over time, started and monitored by your cardiologist and GP. These include medication to control the amount of fluid that builds up (diuretics), medication to protect your heart and slow it down as well as to thin your blood. You will often be referred to a dietitian or given advice about restricting the amount of fluid and salt you take as this can contribute to symptoms.

Heart rhythm refers to the electrical source that is driving the heart rate and whether or not it is regular or irregular. Heart rhythm can be affected by a number of conditions.

Some common terms

• Sinus rhythm is the normal rhythm
• Arrhythmia means abnormal rhythm
• Fibrillation means irregular rhythm or quivering of one part of the heart
• Bradycardia means slow heart rate
• Tachycardia means fast heart rate
• Paroxysmal means the arrhythmia comes and goes

Tachycardia

The most common form of this is atrial fibrillation. This is where the heart rhythm is irregular and often too fast. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations (where you are aware of your heart racing or

pounding), dizziness and breathlessness.

Other tachycardias include supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) or ventricular tachycardia (VT). These have similar symptoms as atrial fibrillation but can also cause you to lose consciousness (faint).

Bradycardia

The most common form of this is called heart block. This is because messages from the electrical generator of the heart don't get through efficiently to the rest of the heart and hence it goes very slowly or can pause. Symptoms of the heart going too slowly include feeling tired, breathless or fainting.

Tests

Tests to diagnose what sort of arrhythmia you have include an electrocardiogram (ECG) and an ambulatory ECG (Holter monitor or Event recorder).

Treatment

Most treatments for tachycardias consist of medication to stop the abnormal rhythm or make it slower if and when it occurs. Atrial fibrillation, if you have other problems, can increase your risk of stroke so blood-thinning medication is often used as well.

If you have bradycardia, you may be referred to the surgeons for a pacemaker. This is a small operation where a battery powered device is placed under the skin with wires that lead to your heart and provide it with electrical stimulation to prevent it from going too slowly. You can't feel it doing this but will be aware of a small flat lump under your skin just below your collar bone.

Your heart consists of 4 chambers that receive and send blood to the lungs and body.

Disorders affecting valves can either cause stenosis (a narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage after the valve has closed). Depending on what valve is involved and how severe the damage is it may result in symptoms of heart failure (see above),as it makes the heart pump inefficiently.
 
Suspicion of a heart valve problem is usually picked up by your doctor when they listen to your heart and hear a murmur. A murmur is heard with the stethoscope and is turbulence of blood flow that occurs through a narrowed or leaky valve. Not all heart murmurs mean serious problems but are best investigated further.
The echocardiogram is the main test to diagnose what valve is involved and how severe it is.
 
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the valve lesion. You may simply be monitored over years to see if anything changes. Some conditions require medication to thin the blood or treat any complicating heart problems. You may be referred to a heart surgeon for consideration of a valve replacement or dilatation of a narrowed valve.